Espiradenoma écrino en muslo de mujer: reporte de un caso

Introducción: El espiradenoma ecrino es un tumor anexial benigno raro que surge de las glándulas sudoríparas écrinas. Comúnmente se presenta como un nódulo de crecimiento lento en la parte superior del tronco y la región de la cabeza y el cuello, principalmente en el rango de edad de 15 a 35 años, sin predominio de género. Por lo general, se presentan como pequeños nódulos solitarios que pueden crecer varios centímetros, a menudo muy dolorosos. El diagnóstico de esta entidad es de suma importancia ya que puede albergar un componente maligno con desenlaces catastróficos, ya que pueden pasar desapercibidos por su gran parecido con lesiones benignas. Caso Clínico: Aquí presentamos el caso de una mujer 41 años que presentó una lesión cutánea de crecimiento similar a un papiloma en la cara externa de tercio superior del muslo, con el diagnóstico de espiradenoma écrino posterior a la extirpación.

Introduction: Eccrine spiradenoma is a rare, benign adnexal tumor arising from the eccrine sweat glands. It commonly presents as a slow-growing nodule on the upper trunk, and head and neck region, mostly in the age bracket of 15 - 35 years, with no gender preference. Typically, they present as small solitary nodules that can grow to several centimeters, often they are strikingly painful. The diagnosis of this entity is extremely important as it can harbour a malignant component with catastrophic outcomes wich may be missed due to its strong resemblance to benign lesions. Case Report: We present the case of a 41-year-old woman who presented with a papilloma-like growth on the upper lateral aspect of the thigh which was diagnosed as eccrine spiradenoma upon excision.

Estimulación cerebral profunda en el núcleo accumbens en pacientes con depresión resistente al tratamiento: reporte de casos / Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation in patients with treatment-resistant depression: report of four cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimulación cerebral profunda (DBS) se ha propuesto como una alternativa terapéutica para el manejo de la depresión resistente al tratamiento (DRT). Sin embargo, existen múltiples blancos para neuroestimulación y se desconoce el punto neuroanatómico óptimo en esta patología. Como parte del circuito de recompensa, el núcleo accumbens (NAc) ha sido estudiado en modelos de depresión y anhedonia. El objetivo de este artículo fue describir la experiencia clínica de la implantación de electrodos bilaterales de DBS en el NAc. REPORTE DE CASOS: Se describe la experiencia en cuatro mujeres entre los 17 a 41 años con DRT. Los casos presentaban antecedente de múltiples hospitalizaciones e intentos de suicidio serios, a pesar de haber sido tratadas previamente con terapia farmacológica, psicoterapia y TECAR (Terapia electroconvulsiva con anestesia y relajación). A los 6 meses del inicio del DBS, se observó una mejoría de los síntomas depresivos en la escala de Hamilton y un incremento en la escala de funcionalidad global. La anhedonia y la abulia persistieron luego de la cirugía, aunque con menor intensidad. CONCLUSIÓN: La DBS del NAc puede ser una estrategia efectiva en el tratamiento de pacientes con DRT, impactando en la funcionalidad y en la disminución del riesgo suicida.

INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been proposed as a therapeutic alternative for Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. However, there are multiple targets for neurostimulation and the optimal neuroanatomical landmark for this pathology is unknown. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a crucial part of the reward circuit and has been studied extensively in models of depression and anhedonia. The objective of this study was to describe our clinical experience with DBS of the NAc patients with TRD. CASE SERIES: It described the experience in four females between 17 and 41 years of age. All cases presented with a history of multiple hospitalizations and serious suicide attempts, despite having been treated with optimal pharmacological regimes, psychotherapy and ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy). Six months after the initiation of DBS, an improvement in the Hamilton Depression Scale and in the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale was observed. Anhedonia and abulia persisted after the surgery, although less severe. CONCLUSION: DBS of NAc seems to offer favorable surgical outcomes in patients with TRD, impacting functionality and suicidal risk.

Supervivencia de pacientes con metástasis cervical de primario desconocido en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología. 2007-2012

Resumen Introducción: Las metástasis cervicales con primario oculto representan el 5% de los tumores de cabeza y cuello. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento han sufrido modificaciones con los años según las diferentes investigaciones, con vistas a mayores tasas de supervivencia. Objetivo: Determinar la supervivencia global y según diferentes variables. Material y Método: Investigación retrospectiva, descriptiva y longitudinal de 96 pacientes diagnosticados en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología (INOR) en el periodo 2007-2012, manteniéndose el seguimiento hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2017. Resultados: De los pacientes estudiados, 65 eran hombres (67,7%) y 31 mujeres (32,3%), para una razón de 2,1:1, con una media de edad de 61,4 años. El tabaquismo estuvo presente en el 64,6% de la población. El nivel ganglionar más afectado fue el II y 41 pacientes (42,7%) presentaron una enfermedad N1 al diagnóstico. En 42 pacientes (43,8%) estuvo presente el grado histológico poco diferenciado. Al 70,9% se les practicó cirugía con adyuvancia o sin ella y el 86,5% tuvo respuesta completa. El tumor primario apareció en el 13,5% de los casos, más frecuente en amígdala. La supervivencia global a los 5 años fue del 74% y resultaron variables determinantes de supervivencia el estado ganglionar y la extensión extraganglionar. Los resultados coinciden con la literatura revisada. Conclusión: La supervivencia global a los 5 años de los pacientes con metástasis cervical de primario oculto es elevada, tiene tendencia a mejorar con el paso de los años y está determinada por el estado ganglionar y la extensión extracapsular de forma inversamente proporcional.

Abstract Introduction: Cervical metastases with occult primary represent 5% of head and neck tumors. Its diagnosis and treatment have been modified over the years according to different investigations, with a view to higher survival rates. Aim: To determine the overall survival and according to different variables. Material and Method: A retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal investigation of 96 patients diagnosed at INOR in the period 2007-2012 was carried out, with follow-up until December 31, 2017. Results: Of the patients studied, 65 were men (67.7%) and 31 women (32.3%), for a ratio of 2.1: 1, with a mean age of 61.4 years. Smoking was present in the 64.6% of the population. The most affected lymph node level was level II and 42 patients (43.8%) presented N1 disease at diagnosis. Poorly differentiated histological grade was present in 42 patients (43.8%). 70.9% underwent surgery with or without adjuvant surgery and 86.5% had a complete response. The primary tumor appeared in 13.5% of cases, more frequent in the amygdala. Overall survival at 5 years was 74%, and survival variables were lymph node status and extranodal extension. The results coincide with the reviewed literature. Conclusion: The overall 5-year survival of patients with occult primary cervical metastasis is high, tends to improve over the years, and is determined by lymph node status and extracapsular extension in an inversely proportional manner.

Psoriasis severa en paciente con infeccion latente por tuberculosis (ltbi). estrategia terapeutica / Severe psoriasis in a patient with latent tuberculosis infection (ltbi). therapeutic strategy

RESUMEN La psoriasis es una enfermedad inflamatoria sistémica crónica, de base genética y mediada inmunológicamente. En esta oportunidad, se reporta un caso en paciente mujer de 66 años con diagnóstico de psoriasis en placa moderada a severa sin respuesta clínica favorable a diversos tratamientos tópicos y sistémicos, cursando de manera concomitante con infección latente por tuberculosis (LTBI). Se decide como estrategia terapéutica tratamiento sistémico con biológico (Secukinumab). Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la correcta evaluación respecto a la posibilidad de Tuberculosis (TBC) debido a que representa un desafío mundial actual en la prescripción de biológicos.

ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease, genetically based and immunologically mediated. This time, a case is reported in a 66-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis with no favorable clinical response to various topical and systemic treatments, concurrently presenting with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Biological systemic treatment (Secukinumab) was decided as a therapeutic strategy. Taking into account the importance of the correct evaluation regarding the possibility of Tuberculosis (TBC) because it represents a current global challenge in prescribing biologicals.

Clasificación de los desenlaces en los ensayos clínicos / Classification of the outcomes in clinical trials / Classificação dos desenlaces nos ensaios clínicos

El ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado (ECA) es un experimento planificado, controlado y prospectivo, en el que una o más intervenciones son asignadas a participantes humanos, con el fin de evaluar los efectos sobre los resultados relacionados con la salud, como la eficacia y seguridad de tratamientos, procedimientos o ayudas diagnósticas para diferentes enfermedades. En los ECA se pueden medir diferentes desenlaces, ya sean clínicos, relacionados con el paciente o económicos. Un desenlace es un evento clínico, médico, quirúrgico o de cualquier índole, que busca medir la efectividad y seguridad del tratamiento o intervención que se desea evaluar en un ensayo clínico. La elección de uno o más dependerá de la naturaleza del estudio y de la pregunta que se desea responder. Así mismo, el uso de una amplia gama de ellos tiende a ser más informativo que la medida de uno solo, por lo que es importante reconocer cada uno de estos, para definir su correcta implementación en el ámbito de la investigación. Este estudio tiene como objetivo principal describir los diferentes tipos de desenlaces, los cuales se clasifican en nueve categorías: 1. Eficacia y seguridad; 2. Primario, coprimario, secundario y terciario; 3. Simple y compuesto; 4. Positivo y negativo; 5. Clínicamente significativo y subrogado; 6. Objetivo y subjetivo; 7. Medidas únicas, repetidas y conteos (sucesos); 8. Dicotómico y continuo; y 9. Tiempo fijo y tiempo calendario.

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a planned and controlled experiment. It is also a prospective study in which one or more interventions are assigned to human participants in order to assess the effects on health outcomes, such as the efficacy and safety of treatments and interventions for different diseases. Different outcomes, whether clinical, patient-related or economic, can be measured in RCTs. An outcome is a clinical, medical, surgical or any other event that seeks to measure the effectiveness and safety of the treatment or intervention to be evaluated in an RCT. The choice of one or more outcomes depends on the nature of the study and the question to be answered. Likewise, the use of a wide range of outcomes tends to be more informative than the measure of one alone. Therefore, it is important to recognize each of these to define their correct implementation in the field of clinical research. This study aims to describe the different types of outcomes, which are classified into nine categories: 1. Efficacy and safety; 2. Primary, coprimary, secondary and tertiary; 3. Simple and compound; 4. Positive and negative; 5. Clinically significant and subrogated; 6. Objective and subjective; 7. Single, repeated measures and counts (events); 8. Dichotomous and continuous; and 9. Fixed time and calendar time.

O ensaio clínico controlado aleatorizado (ECA) é um experimento planificado, controlado e prospectivo, no qual uma ou mais intervenções são designadas a participantes humanos, com o fim de avaliar os efeitos sobre os resultados relacionados com a saúde, como a eficácia e segurança de tratamentos, procedimentos ou ajudas diagnósticas para diferentes doenças. Nos ECA se podem medir diferentes desenlaces, já sejam clínicos, relacionados com o paciente ou económicos. Um desenlace é um evento clínico, médico, cirúrgico ou de qualquer índole, que busca medir a efetividade e segurança do tratamento ou intervenção que se deseja avaliar num ensaio clínico. A eleição de um ou mais dependerá da natureza do estudo e da pergunta que se deseja responder. Assim mesmo, o uso de una ampla gama deles tende a ser mais informativo que a medida de um só, por isso é importante reconhecer cada um destes, para definir sua correta implementação no âmbito da investigação. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal descrever os diferentes tipos de desenlaces, os quais se classificam em nove categorias: 1. Eficácia e segurança; 2. Primário, co-primário, secundário e terciário; 3. Simples e composto; 4. Positivo e negativo; 5. Clinicamente significativo e sub-rogado; 6. Objetivo e subjetivo; 7. Medidas únicas, repetidas e contagens (acontecimentos); 8. Dicotómico e contínuo; y 9. Tempo fixo e tempo calendário.

Influencia de las zonas cocleares muertas sobre la autopercepción de las habilidades auditivas en adultos con hipoacusia sensorioneural bilateral / Influence of cochlear dead regions on self-perception hearing abilities in adults with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss

RESUMEN Introducción: Las zonas cocleares muertas son áreas de la membrana basilar donde las células ciliadas y/o fibras del nervio auditivo no son funcionales, lo que puede alterar el análisis temporal de una señal acústica. Los efectos funcionales que podrían generar aún no son claros, y establecerlos a través del uso de cuestionarios de autopercepción, proporcionaría información de utilidad para el manejo audiológico de los pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la presencia de zonas cocleares muertas y la autopercepción de las habilidades auditivas en adultos con hipoacusia sensorioneural bilateral. Material y método: Se evaluaron 20 sujetos con hipoacusia bilateral simétrica, entre 51 y 75 años, sin antecedentes de uso de audífonos. Las zonas cocleares muertas fueron evaluadas mediante la prueba TEN en 1, 2, 3 y 4 kHz; y la autopercepción de habilidades auditivas fue medida en los participantes a través del cuestionario de doce preguntas, IROS12. Resultados: La presencia de zonas cocleares muertas se observó en 10 pacientes. No existiendo una diferencia significativa entre grupos, sin embargo, se observaron puntuaciones más bajas de IROS12 en sujetos con zonas cocleares muertas. Conclusiones: La percepción de dificultades auditivas de individuos que presentan una hipoacusia sensorioneural bilateral simétrica moderada, con presencia de zonas cocleares muertas, no difiere significativamente de aquellos individuos que no presentan zonas cocleares muertas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cochlear dead regions are areas of the basilar membrane where the hair cells and/or auditory nerve fibers are not functional, which can alter the temporal analysis of an acoustic signal. The functional effects that could generate still are not entirely clear, and set through the use of self-perception questionnaires, provide useful information for audiological management of patients. Aim: To investigate the relationship between the presence of cochlear dead regions and the self-reported of listening difficulties of adults with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Material and Method: Twenty adults with symmetric bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, aged 51 to 75 years were tested, without previous story of use of hearing aids. Cochlear dead regions were tested using the TEN test at 1, 2, 3 and 4 kHz. The questionnaire of twelve questions, IROS12, was applied to the participants. Results: Cochlear dead regions were present in 10 participants. No significant differences were observed between groups, however lower IROS12 scores were observed in those who had present of dead regions. Conclusion: The perception of hearing difficulties in individuals with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with cochlear dead regions did not differ significantly from those individuals without cochlear dead regions.

¿Se relaciona la capacitación docente con las prácticas pedagógicas en académicos de carreras de la salud de Chile? / The influence of pedagogic and discipline training on the teaching quality of university professors

Background: University teachers prioritize acquiring knowledge about their disciplines over pedagogic training. However, the latter is becoming increasingly important in the present teaching scenario. Aim: To relate pedagogic practices with pedagogic training of teachers from health care careers of public and private universities. Material and Methods: Pedagogic practice and training activities participation questionnaires were answered by 296 teachers of undergraduate students from Chilean public and private universities. Results: There was a direct correlation between discipline training and all pedagogic practice factors. However, pedagogic training correlated with all the factors with the exception of teacher centered learning. Teachers with a master degree had higher scores in factors related to teaching planning and process assessment. Having a doctor degree had no impact on these factors. A multiple regression analysis showed that both discipline and pedagogic training and having a master degree were associated with pedagogic practices of teachers. Conclusions: Both pedagogic and discipline training influence the quality of teaching provided by undergraduate teachers.

Carcinoma de los ductos colectores de bellini: presentación de un caso clínico y revisión del diagnóstico diferencial / Collecting (bellini) duct carcinoma: a case presentation

Collecting (Bellini) duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare and very aggressive variant of renal cell carcinoma. Objectives: To describe the radiological findings of a CDC case and to determine its differential diagnosis. Basic procedures: Review the published works regarding this tumor and compare the radiological findings of our case with those of other described cases. Most important findings: CDCs are well-defined tumors with a high hemorrhagic component, limited internal enhancement and nodal metastases. In the differential diagnosis, if the lesion presents an exophytic growth it should include papillary carcinoma, mainly the sarcomatoid variant and the complex benign lesions (complex cysts or hydatids). However, if the lesion combines an infiltrating pattern, other lesions such as medullary carcinoma or lymphoma will be taken into account. Main conclusions: In the presence of solid-cystic hypovascular lesions and regional lymphadenopathy, CDC must be included in the differential diagnosis.

El carcinoma de las células colectoras de Bellini (CCB), es una variante rara y muy agresiva del carcinoma de células renales. Objetivos: Describir los hallazgos radiológicos de un caso de CCB y determinar su diagnóstico diferencial. Procedimientos básicos: Revisión de los trabajos publicados sobre este tumor y comparar los hallazgos radiológicos de nuestro caso con los de otros casos descritos. Hallazgos más importantes: Los CCB son tumores bien delimitados con alto componente hemorrágico, escaso realce interno y metástasis ganglionares. En el diagnóstico diferencial si la lesión presenta un crecimiento exofítico debería incluirse el carcinoma papilar, fundamentalmente la variante sarcomatoide y las lesiones benignas complejas (quistes complejos o hidatídicos). En cambio, si la lesión asocia un patrón infiltrante se tendrán en cuenta otras lesiones como el carcinoma medular o el linfoma. Conclusiones principales: En presencia de lesiones sólido-quísticas hipovasculares y adenopatías regionales debe incluirse el CCB en el diagnóstico diferencial.

Sistema de Rehabilitación de Miembro Inferior Interconectado con un Videojuego: Una Potencial Aplicación para Víctimas de Minas Antipersonal / Lower Limb Rehabilitation System Interfaced with a Videogame: A Potential Application for Landmine Victims

Resumen A nivel mundial se registran anualmente alrededor de 3,308 víctimas de minas antipersonal (MAP), de las cuales un 67% corresponde a lesiones de miembros inferiores que requieren rehabilitación. Este artículo presenta un sistema de adquisición de datos para un equipo de rehabilitación de víctimas de MAP, quienes al interactuar con un videojuego de carreras de automóviles realizan la terapia. El sistema permite al terapeuta establecer una velocidad de pedaleo mínima y analizar la fuerza y velocidad del mismo. El desarrollo conceptual incorpora una bicicleta estática comercial, sensores para medir la fuerza de pedaleo, un sensor óptico para medir la velocidad y pulsadores de mando para interactuar con el videojuego. Para evaluar el sistema se caracterizaron y probaron los sensores, y se realizaron encuestas de percepción a 20 fisioterapeutas relacionadas con ergonomía, seguridad y potenciales beneficios del sistema. El 70%, 90% y 80% de los fisioterapeutas valoraron, respectivamente, estas características en un nivel Alto. Adicionalmente, al menos el 85% de ellos están de acuerdo con nueve beneficios potenciales para personas víctimas de MAP, por lo tanto se plantea que el sistema desarrollado puede utilizarse como 'juego serio' para apoyar las terapias de rehabilitación de personas con prótesis por esta causa.

Abstract Worldwide there are approximately 3,308 records of landmine victims during a year. 67% of them suffered injuries which require physical rehabilitation. This paper presents a data acquisition system for landmine victims rehabilitation, interfaced with a videogame, which enables to interact with a racing game. The therapist can set the minimum speed required for the rehabilitation and analyze the forces and speed developed while pedaling. The conceptual development incorporates a commercial static bicycle, sensors to measure the pedaling force, an optic sensor to measure the speed, and command buttons to control the videogame. In order to evaluate the system, the sensors were characterized and tested, and a survey was conducted to 20 physiotherapists in order to evaluate the perception of ergonomics, safety and possible benefits of the data acquisition system for rehabilitation of landmine victims. 70%, 90% and 80% of the physiotherapists, respectively, assessed these characteristics as High level. Moreover, at least 85% of them are agree with nine possible benefits for rehabilitation of landmine explosion victim. Therefore, it is proposed that the data acquisition system can be used as a serious game that supports rehabilitation therapies of people with a prosthesis due to this cause.

Factores que afectan al ambiente educativo en la formación preclínica de medicina según sus docentes / Factors affecting the educational environment in undergraduate medical schools

Background: Educational environment has an important effect on the quality of learning and student satisfaction in medicine. Most of previous studies have been conducted using questionnaires that assess the phenomenon considering overall dimensions, without paying attention to the specific manifestations of this topic, especially those aspects that are related to the protagonists of the learning process: teachers and students. Aim: To describe factors that affect the educational environment in the preclinical Medical formation, according to Medical teachers in Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: Qualitative study, using the Grounded theory method. Semi-structured interviews were performed to 10 medical teachers in Concepcion, Chile. They were selected by theoretical sampling. Data were analyzed using open coding. Results: Four emerging categories about the factors that affect the learning environment were identified: Personal factors of students, academic factors of students, personal factors of teachers and academic factors of teachers. Conclusions: According to interviewed teachers, both personal factors in teachers and students that promote a positive learning environment are related with an attitude oriented towards others and communication skills. Academic factors are related with the responsible exercise of student and teacher roles and with the promotion of participation in the educational process.

Relación entre prácticas pedagógicas y estrategias de aprendizaje en docentes de carreras de la salud / Teaching practices and learning strategies in health careers

Background: Medical Education, according to the constructivist education paradigm, puts students as the protagonists of the teaching and learning process. It demands changes in the practice of teaching. However, it is unclear whether this new model is coherent with the teachers’ ways to cope with learning. Aim: To analyze the relationship between teaching practices and learning strategies among teachers of health careers in Chilean universities. Material and Methods: The Teaching Practices Questionnaire and Learning Strategies Inventory of Schmeck were applied to 200 teachers aged 24 to 72 years (64% females). Results: Teachers use different types of teaching practices. They commonly use deep and elaborative learning strategies. A multiple regression analysis showed that learning strategies had a 13% predictive value to identify student-centered teaching, but they failed to predict teacher-centered teaching. Conclusions: Teaching practices and learning strategies of teachers are related. Teachers frequently select constructivist model strategies, using different teaching practices in their work.

Determinantes biopsicosociales de depresión en pacientes atendidos en Centros de Atención Primaria de Concepción, Chile / Biopsychosocial depression determinants in patients treated in Primary Health Centers at Concepción, Chile

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo asociados a la depresión han sido estudiados ampliamente, pero no se dispone de estudios prospectivos sobre factores que predigan la incidencia de depresión en personas sanas. Tampoco se dispone de una ecuación predictiva que incorpore factores genéticos. Método: Estudio de cohorte, prospectivo con evaluaciones en línea base y a los doce meses, sobre una muestra aleatoria de consultantes en centros de atención primaria de la Provincia de Concepción, Chile (n = 1.596). Se midieron 8 factores psicosociales y se realizó genotificación de los polimorfismos para la monoaminooxidasa A, la uMAO, y para la región transportadora del gen del transportador de serotonina, el 5-HTTLPR, gen SLC6A4 del cromosoma 17, como factores genéticos y la variable de resultado fue la presencia/ausencia de depresión a los 12 meses de seguimiento. Se empleó regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Las dos variables genéticas no muestran relación estadísticamente significativa con la variable depresión a los 12 meses de seguimiento. Las variables sexo, nivel educacional, satisfacción con las condiciones de vida, antecedente personal de depresión, autopercepción de la salud física y de la salud mental y satisfacción con las relación de pareja se relacionan con la aparición de depresión en el seguimiento. Conclusiones: Los resultados permitirán identificar personas vulnerables entre los consultantes de atención primaria que podrían participar de programas preventivos. El estudio de otros genes será necesario para mejorar la capacidad predictiva del modelo.

Introduction: Riskfactors associated to depression have been extensively studied, though there is a lack ofprospective studies on factors thatpredict the incidence of depression in healthy people. There is not a predictive equation that incorporates genetic factors is not available. Method: A cohort study, prospective, with baseline assessments at 12 months was carried out on a random sample of attendees in primary care centers form the Concepción Province, Chile (n = 1,596). Eight psychosocial factors were measured and the genotyping of the uMAO and 5-HTTLPR in SLC6A4 as genetic factors polymorphisms was also carried out. The outcome variable was the presence/absence of depression at 12 months follow-up. A predictive model for depression was obtained by means of analyses of binary logistic regression. Results: Genetic variables have no statistically significant relation with the variable depression at 12 months follow up. Variables such as gender, educational level, satisfaction with living conditions, personal background ofdepression, selfperception ofboth physical and mental health and satisfaction with relationship are related to the onset ofdepression in the follow up. Conclusions: Outcomes will allow identifying vulnerable people among the primary care attendees, who could participate in prevention programs. The study offurther genes will be necessary in order to improve the predictive capacity of the model.

Aspectos motivacionales involucrados en el aprendizaje autodirigido en estudiantes de medicina. un enfoque cualitativo / Motivation and self-directed learning among medical students

Background: Motivation is an essential aspect in the training process of medical students. The association that motivation can have with learning self-regulation is of utmost importance for the design of curriculum, teaching methods and evaluation. Aim: To describe the motivational aspects of self-directed learning among medical students from a traditional Chilean University. Material and Methods: A qualitative, descriptive study based on grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin. Twenty 4th and 5th year medical students were selected using a maximum variation sampling technique. After obtaining an informed consent, semi-structured interviews and field notes were carried out. Data were analyzed to the level of open coding through Atlas-ti 7.5.2. Results: From the student point of view, personal motivational aspects are linked to the search for information, constant updating, the perception of the physician-patient relationship and interest in subject matters. From the scope of teachers, a main issue is related to their ability to motivate students to develop independent study skills. Conclusions: Personal motivational aspects facilitate the development of independent study skills, specifically in the search of information. The role of teachers is crucial in promoting these skills and the perception of medical students from their learning process.

Repensando la selección de la carrera de Medicina desde los factores que inciden en la formación / Rethinking the selection of medical students, considering non-cognitive skills

In Chile the only requirement to study medicine is to obtain an academic achievement score over a certain cutoff value. However, the literature states that this type of selection is insufficient, since the medical profession requires cognitive and non-cognitive skills. These abilities are associated with better adaptation and academic success, as well as less dropping out. Therefore, those skills should be considered in the selection process to assure that the education goals are met. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature regarding the selection and evaluation criteria for students who are applying to medical schools. It was evident that Chilean medical schools need to establish appropriate criteria to ensure a more inclusive and fair admission. They need to design a system of admission with solid evidence of validity and reliability, complementary to the current form of student selection. This system should be considered common to all schools of medicine and, in turn, consider the sensibilities of the particular mission of each school, since academic, cognitive, inter- and intrapersonal aspects may vary among them.

Relación entre el bienestar y el rendimiento académico en alumnos de primer año de medicina / Academic achievement, engagement and burnout among first year medical students

Background: Stress may affect the sense of wellbeing and academic achievement of university students. Aim: To assess the relationship of academic engagement and burnout with academic achievement among first year medical students. Material and Methods: The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student and Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) were applied to 277 first year medical students of four universities. Their results were correlated with the grades obtained in the different courses. Results: Moderately high engagement and low burnout levels were detected. There was a high level of satisfaction with studies and a moderate exhaustion level. Academic achievement was associated with the degree of engagement with studies but not with burnout. Conglomerate analysis detected a group of students with high levels of wellbeing, characterized by high levels of academic engagement and low burnout. Other group had moderate levels of engagement and lack of personal fulfilment. Other group, identified as extenuated, had high levels of personal exhaustion and depersonalization. Finally the disassociated group had a low academic engagement, low emotional exhaustion, high levels of depersonalization and lack of personal fulfillment. Conclusions: Academic achievement is associated with the level of engagement with studies but not with burnout.

Estructura factorial de la escala DREEM en estudiantes de medicina chilenos

Background: The entry to a University requires an adaptation process that not all students solve with the same kind of success. Even though students social adaptation and emotional skills are essential, the educational environmental that they perceive has a significant influence in their academic life. Aim: To describe the changes in the perception about academic environment that medical students experience during the first three years of undergraduate career. Material and Methods: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) scale was applied to 525 first to third year medical students and an exploratory factorial analysis was made. Results: Four factors were identified: Academic Perception: academic quality that students attribute to the process in which they take part, as well as to the assessment that they do of their learning outcomes (coefficient ± = 0.85); Academic Experience: refers to positive emotions that students experience during the career such as confidence, pleasure and energy (coefficient ± = 0.76); Atmosphere Perception, comfort and calm that students experiment during their academic activities (coefficient ± = 0.79); Teachers Perception: the perception that students have of teachers about their interest and disposition towards students (coefficient ± = 0.50). Conclusions: The assessment of academic environment quality is inversely associated with the lapse that the students have spent in their undergraduate careers.

Predictores afectivos y académicos del aprendizaje autodirigido en estudiantes de medicina / Factors associated with self-directed learning among medical students

Background: Self-directed learning is a skill that must be taught and evaluated in future physicians. Aim: To analyze the association between self-directed learning, self-esteem, self-efficacy, time management and academic commitment among medical students. Material and methods: The self-directed learning, Rosemberg self-esteem, general self- efficacy, time management and Utrecht work engagement scales were applied to 297 first year medical students. Results: A multiple regression analysis showed a significant association between self-efficacy, time management and academic commitment with self-directed learning. Self-esteem and satisfaction with studies did not enter in the model. Conclusions: self-esteem, academic commitment and a good time management were associated with self-directed learning in these students.

Aprendizaje autodirigido y su relación con estilos y estrategias de aprendizaje en estudiantes de medicina / Relationship between self-directed learning with learning styles and strategies in medical students

Background: Self-directed learning (SDL) skills are particularly important in medical education, considering that physicians should be able to regulate their own learning experiences. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between learning styles and strategies and self-directed learning in medical students. Material and Methods: One hundred ninety nine first year medical students (120 males) participated in the study. Preparation for Independent Learning (EPAI) scale was used to assess self-direction. Schmeck learning strategies scale and Honey and Alonso (CHAEA) scales were used to evaluate learning styles and strategies. Results: Theoretical learning style and deep processing learning strategy had positive correlations with self-direct learning. Conclusions: Medical students with theoretical styles and low retention of facts are those with greater ability to self-direct their learning. Further studies are required to determine the relationship between learning styles and strategies with SDL in medical students. The acquired knowledge will allow the adjustment of teaching strategies to encourage SDL.

Evaluación de componentes del currículum oculto en estudiantes de medicina / Assessment of hidden curriculum components by medical students

Background: Hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn at the university, which influences the acquisition of professional skills. Aim: To analyze the perception about the influence of the hidden curriculum in the education of medical students at the Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: Qualitative investigation with case study approach. Seventeen graduated medical students were selected by probability sampling. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the information and a content analysis was applied. Results: Forty seven percent of participants recognized having fulfilled their academic expectations. As favorable factors for academic achievement the students underlined clinical practice, access to patients and to clinical fields. As negative factors, they identified the lack of commitment, educational support and over-specialization of their mentors. Conclusions: The results show the strengths and weaknesses of the educational environment of undergraduated medical students. This information should be used to modify teaching environments.